Autophagy is a catabolic process that enables a cell to avoid death by selectively degrading unnecessary or dysfunctional cytosolic components for recycling into energy and essential building blocks. It is employed in response to normal (for example, development) and abnormal (for example, cancer) stresses, which can be either internal (such as protein aggregates or cellular homeostasis) or external (such as nutrient limitation). More recently, autophagy has also been shown to be used as a cell death pathway [autophagic cell death (ACD)], such as in tumor suppression.
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