Sigma receptors, originally thought to be a type of opioid receptor, are non-GPCR transmembrane proteins expressed mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum and associated with the mitochondria. There are two receptor subtypes, σ1 and σ2, that act as chaperone proteins that modulate several physiological pathways involved in Er stress and Ca2+ homeostasis. Modulators of these receptors have been shown to have neuroprotective, antiproliferative, and antinociceptive effects.
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